WATER TREATMENT PROGRAM

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Ineffective water treatment can be disruptive to both businesses & the environment.  Without an effective water treatment program, systems are at the risk of:

• Contamination
• System wear & inefficiency
• Poor heat transfers

The treatment program for one system doesn't necessarily fit for another. It is has to be designed based on detailed system survey & engineering practices. The program for each system is unique and has to be tailor-made. You'd see a significant reduction in energy, maintenance & water cost with our water treatment. 

The technologies adapted may be chemical, physical, biological, physio-chemical and/or combination of these.

Chemical treatment

Chemical  treatments are techniques adopted to make industrial water suitable for  use or discharge. These include chemical precipitation, chemical  disinfection, chemical oxidation, advanced oxidation, ion exchange, and  chemical neutralization.

Physical treatment

Filtration removes particles from water either by passage through a layer of sand, such as a rapid gravity filter, or in a mechanical filter.  

Dissolved air flotation

It removes suspended solids from the water. This is achieved by dissolving air in the water under pressure and then  releasing the water/air at atmospheric pressure in a flotation tank.  The released air forms small bubbles which adhere to the suspended  matter causing them to float to the surface of the water where they can  be removed by a skimming device or an overflow.

Biological treatment

Slow sand filters use a biological process to purify raw water to produce potable water. They work by using a complex biological film that grows naturally on  the surface of sand. This gelatinous biofilm called the hypogeal layer  or Schmutzdecke is located in the upper few millimetres of the sand layer. The surface  biofilm purifies the water as it flows through the layer, the underlying  sand provides a support medium for the biological treatment layer. The Schmutzdecke consists of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifera and a  range of aquatic insect larvae. As the biofilm ages, more algae may  develop and larger aquatic organisms including bryozoa, snails and  Annelid worms may be present. As water passes through the hypogeal  layer, particles of matter are trapped in the mucilaginous matrix and  soluble organic material is adsorbed. The contaminants are metabolised  by the bacteria, fungi and protozoa.

Slow sand filters are typically 1 – 2 metres deep, and have a hydraulic  loading rate of 0.2 – 0.4 cubic metres per square metre per hour. Filters lose their performance as the biofilm thickens and reduces the  rate of flow. The filter is refurbished by removing the biofilm and a   thin upper layer of sand. Water is decanted back into the filter and  re-circulated to enable a new biofilm to develop. Alternatively wet  harrowing involves stirring the sand and flushing the biolayer through  for disposal.

Physio-chemical treatment (also referred to as Conventional Treatment) 

Chemical flocculants are used to generate a floc in the water that traps suspended solids. Chemical polyelectrolytes are used to increase coagulation of suspended solids to improve removal.

This consist of a Primary coagulant such as ferric sulfate and a coagulant aid cationic polymer being flash-mixed before it enters a Flocculation Basin. -Once the source water being treated has been flash-mixed with a primary coagulant and a polymer, they are then put into some type of Flocculation Basin, where slow  turning or mixing of the water, mixes the chemicals together and they  can then form what is called "Flocc", that then settles out to the  bottom of the Floc basin. After the water has mixed and the floc has formed, it is then passed to  the next stage which would be the Settlingbasin. Here the process would have either tube settlers or plate settlers. The water would flow up through these tubes or plates, allowing the clear water to flow over into a effluent launder, which would then carry the "settled" water to the filters for  further treatment.  The tubes/plates in the settling stage, allow a greater surface area  for the "Flocc" to settle on. These plates are typically at a 30-45°  angle, allowing the Flocc particles to collect in the tubes or the  plates and eventually ending up in the bottom of the settling basin. There is typically some sort of sludge collection system that then will collect all of the settled floc aka: Sludge, and pump it or transfer the waste to a decant tank or basin, where it is later disposed of.  Once the settled water had traveled to the filters, and has made its way through the filters, it is then stored in a clearwell, where all the filtered water gets collected for additional chemical addition: pH adjuster, chlorine, ect. -After the appropriate contact time or kill time, the water leaves the clearwell and heads out to storage tanks or into the distribution, all the way to the customers faucet for use.